Novel Methods Based on Deep Learning Applied to Condition Monitoring in Smart Manufacturing Processes

The Industry 4.0 is the recent trend of automation and the rotating machinery takes a role of great relevance when it comes to meet the demands and challenges of smart manufacturing. Condition-based monitoring (CBM) schemes are the most prominent tool to cover the task of predictive diagnosis. With the current demand of the industry and the increasing complexity of the systems, it is vital to incorporate CBM methodologies that are capable of facing the variability and complexity of manufacturing processes. In recent years, various deep learning techniques have been applied successfully in different areas of research, such as image recognition, robotics, and the detection of abnormalities in clinical studies; some of these techniques have been approaching to the diagnosis of the condition in rotating machinery, promising great results in the Industry 4.0 era. In this chapter, some of the deep learning techniques that promise to make important advances in the field of intelligent fault diagnosis in industrial electromechanical systems will be addressed

Diagnosis methodology based on deep feature learning for fault identification in metallic, hybrid and ceramic bearings

Scientific and technological advances in the field of rotatory electrical machinery are leading to an increased efficiency in those processes and systems in which they are involved. In addition, the consideration of advanced materials, such as hybrid or ceramic bearings, are of high interest towards high-performance rotary electromechanical actuators. Therefore, most of the diagnosis approaches for bearing fault detection are highly dependent of the bearing technology, commonly focused on the metallic bearings. Although the mechanical principles remain as the basis to analyze the characteristic patterns and effects related to the fault appearance, the quantitative response of the vibration pattern considering different bearing technology varies. In this regard, in this work a novel data-driven diagnosis methodology is proposed based on deep feature learning applied to the diagnosis and identification of bearing faults for different bearing technologies, such as metallic, hybrid and ceramic bearings, in electromechanical systems. The proposed methodology consists of three main stages: first, a deep learning-based model, supported by stacked autoencoder structures, is designed with the ability of self-adapting to the extraction of characteristic fault-related features from different signals that are processed in different domains. Second, in a feature fusion stage, information from different domains is integrated to increase the posterior discrimination capabilities during the condition assessment. Third, the bearing assessment is achieved by a simple softmax layer to compute the final classification results. The achieved results show that the proposed diagnosis methodology based on deep feature learning can be effectively applied to the diagnosis and identification of bearing faults for different bearing technologies, such as metallic, hybrid and ceramic bearings, in electromechanical systems. The proposed methodology is validated in front of two different electromechanical systems and the obtained results validate the adaptability and performance of the proposed approach to be considered as a part of the condition-monitoring strategies where different bearing technologies are involved.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Anomaly detection in electromechanical systems by means of deep-autoencoder

© 2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other worksAnomaly detection in manufacturing processes is one of the main concerns in the new era of the Industry 4.0 framework. The detection of uncharacterized events represents a major challenge within the operation monitoring of electrical rotatory machinery. In this regard, although several machine learning techniques have been classically considered, the recent appearance of deep-learning approaches represents an opportunity in the field to increase the anomaly detection capabilities in front of complex electromechanical systems. However, each anomaly detection technique considers its own data interpretability and modelling strategy, which should be analyzed in front of the specificities of the data generated in an industrial environment and, specifically, by an electromechanical actuator. Thus, in this study, a comparison framework is considered including multiple fault scenarios in order to analyze the performance of four representative anomaly detection techniques, that is, one-class support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, Gaussian mixture model and, finally, deep-autoencoder. The experimental results suggest that the use of the deep-autoencoder in the task of detecting anomalies of operation in electromechanical systems has a higher performance compared to the state of the art methods.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Diagnosis electromechanical system by means CNN and SAE: an interpretable-learning study

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Cyber-physical systems are the response to the adaptability, scalability and accurate demands of the new era of manufacturing called Industry 4.0. They will become the core technology of control and monitoring in smart manufacturing processes. In this regard, the complexity of industrial systems implies a challenge for the implementation of monitoring and diagnosis schemes. Moreover, the challenges that is presented in technological aspects regarding connectivity, data management and computing are being resolved through different IT-OT (information technology and operational technology) convergence proposals. These solutions are making it possible to have large computing capacities and low response latency. However, regarding the logical part of information processing and analysis, this still requires additional studies to identify the options with a better complexity-performance trade-off. The emergence of techniques based on artificial intelligence, especially those based on deep-learning, has provided monitoring schemes with the capacity for characterization and recognition in front of complex electromechanical systems. However, most deep learning-based schemes suffer from critical lack of interpretability lying to low generalization capabilities and overfitted responses. This paper proposes a study of two of the main deep learning-based techniques applied to fault diagnosis in electromechanical systems. An analysis of the interpretability of the learning processes is carried out, and the approaches are evaluated under common performance metrics.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Deep-compact-clustering based anomaly detection applied to electromechanical industrial systems

The rapid growth in the industrial sector has required the development of more productive and reliable machinery, and therefore, leads to complex systems. In this regard, the automatic detection of unknown events in machinery represents a greater challenge, since uncharacterized catastrophic faults can occur. However, the existing methods for anomaly detection present limitations when dealing with highly complex industrial systems. For that purpose, a novel fault diagnosis methodology is developed to face the anomaly detection. An unsupervised anomaly detection framework named deep-autoencoder-compact-clustering one-class support-vector machine (DAECC-OC-SVM) is presented, which aims to incorporate the advantages of automatically learnt representation by deep neural network to improved anomaly detection performance. The method combines the training of a deep-autoencoder with clustering compact model and a one-class support-vector-machine function-based outlier detection method. The addressed methodology is applied on a public rolling bearing faults experimental test bench and on multi-fault experimental test bench. The results show that the proposed methodology it is able to accurately to detect unknown defects, outperforming other state-of-the-art methods.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Autoencoder based feature reduction analysis applied to electromechanical systems condition monitoring

Condition monitoring in electromechanical systems represents, currently, one of the most critical challenges dealing with the advancement and modernization in intelligent manufacturing. In this regard, machine learning based algorithms widely applied in other technological fields are being considered now to face the automatic feature extraction on the electric machine monitoring. In this study, a monitoring scheme is considered for faults detection performance evaluation, where vibrations signal under different fault conditions are acquired. Thus, the common electric machine monitoring framework, that is, a set of features estimated from a limited number of measurements, is considered in front of the three main dimensionality reduction approaches: principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis and auto-encoder based. Performance of the corresponding approaches are studied and discussed experimentally. It is revealed that, although scheme based on auto-encoder provides enhanced diagnosis results, it is still necessary to carry out a detailed study on the automatic extraction capabilities of important features for the detection of faults.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Autoencoder based feature reduction analysis applied to electromechanical systems condition monitoring

Condition monitoring in electromechanical systems represents, currently, one of the most critical challenges dealing with the advancement and modernization in intelligent manufacturing. In this regard, machine learning based algorithms widely applied in other technological fields are being considered now to face the automatic feature extraction on the electric machine monitoring. In this study, a monitoring scheme is considered for faults detection performance evaluation, where vibrations signal under different fault conditions are acquired. Thus, the common electric machine monitoring framework, that is, a set of features estimated from a limited number of measurements, is considered in front of the three main dimensionality reduction approaches: principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis and auto-encoder based. Performance of the corresponding approaches are studied and discussed experimentally. It is revealed that, although scheme based on auto-encoder provides enhanced diagnosis results, it is still necessary to carry out a detailed study on the automatic extraction capabilities of important features for the detection of faults.Peer Reviewe

Deep-Learning-Based Methodology for Fault Diagnosis in Electromechanical Systems

Fault diagnosis in manufacturing systems represents one of the most critical challenges dealing with condition-based monitoring in the recent era of smart manufacturing. In the current Industry 4.0 framework, maintenance strategies based on traditional data-driven fault diagnosis schemes require enhanced capabilities to be applied over modern production systems. In fact, the integration of multiple mechanical components, the consideration of multiple operating conditions, and the appearance of combined fault patterns due to eventual multi-fault scenarios lead to complex electromechanical systems requiring advanced monitoring strategies. In this regard, data fusion schemes supported with advanced deep learning technology represent a promising approach towards a big data paradigm using cloud-based software services. However, the deep learning models’ structure and hyper-parameters selection represent the main limitation when applied. Thus, in this paper, a novel deep-learning-based methodology for fault diagnosis in electromechanical systems is presented. The main benefits of the proposed methodology are the easiness of application and high adaptability to available data. The methodology is supported by an unsupervised stacked auto-encoders and a supervised discriminant analysis